Method and Apparatus for Welding Dissimilar Material with a High Energy High Power Ultrafast Laser

ABSTRACT

Methods and systems for welding are disclosed, including generating electromagnetic radiation from an ultrashort pulse laser; coupling the electromagnetic radiation from the ultrashort pulse laser to a scanner comprising a scanning and focus range, wherein the scanner is configured to receive the electromagnetic radiation from the ultrashort laser and to scan and focus the electromagnetic radiation onto a joining interface of one or more materials; using a computer to adjust the pulse repetition rate and the average power of the ultrashort pulse laser; using one or more stages to position the joining interface; using a dichroic filter positioned between the scanner and the one or more materials; and focusing an imager and processor through the dichroic filter and onto the joining interface to monitor the joining interface of the one or more materials within the scanning and focus range of the electromagnetic radiation. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

I. BACKGROUND

The invention relates generally to the field of welding dissimilarmaterials. More particularly, the invention relates to a method andapparatus for welding dissimilar metals with a high repetition rate,high power ultrafast laser.

II. SUMMARY

In one respect, disclosed is an apparatus for welding comprising: anultrashort pulse laser, wherein the ultrashort pulse laser generates anelectromagnetic radiation, wherein the electromagnetic radiationcomprises a wavelength, a pulse repetition rate, a pulse width, a pulseenergy, and an average power; a scanner comprising a scanning and focusrange, wherein the scanner is configured to receive the electromagneticradiation from the ultrashort laser and to scan and focus theelectromagnetic radiation onto a joining interface of one or morematerials; a computer coupled to the ultrashort pulse laser, wherein thecomputer is configured to adjust the pulse repetition rate and theaverage power of the ultrashort pulse laser; one or more stages, whereinthe one or more stages are configured to position the joining interfaceof the one or more materials within the scanning and focus range of theelectromagnetic radiation; a dichroic filter positioned between thescanner and the one or more materials; and an imager and processorfocused through the dichroic filter and onto the joining interface ofthe one or more materials, wherein the imager and processor areconfigured to monitor the joining interface of the one or more materialswithin the scanning and focus range of the electromagnetic radiation.

In another respect, disclosed is a method for welding comprising:generating electromagnetic radiation from an ultrashort pulse laser,wherein the electromagnetic radiation comprises a wavelength, a pulserepetition rate, a pulse width, a pulse energy, and an average power;coupling the electromagnetic radiation from the ultrashort pulse laserto a scanner comprising a scanning and focus range, wherein the scanneris configured to receive the electromagnetic radiation from theultrashort laser and to scan and focus the electromagnetic radiationonto a joining interface of one or more materials; using a computer toadjust the pulse repetition rate and the average power of the ultrashortpulse laser; using one or more stages to position the joining interfaceof the one or more materials within the scanning and focus range of theelectromagnetic radiation; using a dichroic filter positioned betweenthe scanner and the one or more materials; and focusing an imager andprocessor through the dichroic filter and onto the joining interface ofthe one or more materials to monitor the joining interface of the one ormore materials within the scanning and focus range of theelectromagnetic radiation.

Numerous additional embodiments are also possible.

III. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Other objects and advantages of the invention may become apparent uponreading the detailed description and upon reference to the accompanyingdrawings.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the different processes involved inthe bonding of material with different laser sources, in accordance withsome embodiments.

FIG. 2 is a graph of the heat diffusion length versus pulse duration, inaccordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 3 is a graph of the material process mechanisms for pulsed lasers,in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of an apparatus for weldingdissimilar material with a high energy high power ultrafast laser, inaccordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating a method for welding dissimilarmaterial with a high energy high power ultrafast laser, in accordancewith some embodiments.

While the invention is subject to various modifications and alternativeforms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in thedrawings and the accompanying detailed description. It should beunderstood, however, that the drawings and detailed description are notintended to limit the invention to the particular embodiments. Thisdisclosure is instead intended to cover all modifications, equivalents,and alternatives falling within the scope of the present invention asdefined by the appended claims.

IV. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

One or more embodiments of the invention are described below. It shouldbe noted that these and any other embodiments are exemplary and areintended to be illustrative of the invention rather than limiting. Whilethe invention is widely applicable to different types of systems, it isimpossible to include all of the possible embodiments and contexts ofthe invention in this disclosure. Upon reading this disclosure, manyalternative embodiments of the present invention will be apparent topersons of ordinary skill in the art.

New materials are being selected and used in the automobile andaerospace industries in an attempt to reduce weight, save cost, and makecars and airplanes more energy saving and environmentally friendly.Polyvinyl chlorides, polypropylene ultra-fine fibers and other syntheticmaterials make up the car's interior from the dashboard cover to thefloor mats. Aluminum alloys and new low weight steels are now thestandard car material for engine blocks and wheels. Magnesium alloys arecurrently trying to be implemented to further reduce the weight by 50%.These new materials bring several challenges for the automobilemanufacturing in material joining techniques, especially for joiningdissimilar materials. Some of these challenging issues include: (i)thermal expansion mismatch due to the difference in thermal expansioncoefficient and melting temperature of dissimilar materials, (ii)reduced temperature and load ranges due to the crack and residualwelding stress, and (iii) increased directionality due to the formationof unstable inter-metallic phases. These three fundamental issues arecorrelated with each other and often impact the welding strength andreliability. One of the issues cannot be resolved without considerationof the other issues.

Currently, laser welders use Continuous-Wave (CW) or long-pulsed lasers.Unfortunately, CW or long-pulsed laser joining works only for selectedmaterials that absorb at the laser wavelength. For the welding ofdissimilar materials, the difference in the thermal expansioncoefficients of the materials causes thermo-mechanical stresses in bothmaterials resulting in a weak joint. Additionally, high power inducedthermal diffusion outside the focal volume (i.e., the heat affected zone(HAZ)) may cause damage to the joint (e.g., cracks).

Different approaches have been tested to restrict the formation ofinter-metallic phases. A few of these approaches include utilizing a preand post weld heat treatment, applying a lower heat input to control thediffusion mechanism, offsetting the laser beam and using a combinationof a higher laser power/higher welding speed, and/or applying a backingblock below the samples to be welded to control the heat flow andsuppress the thickness of the inter-metallic layer in the welding alloy.However, these approaches cannot resolve all of the three fundamentalissues for dissimilar material welding. As an example, when weldingaluminum and steel, since the melting temperature for aluminum isapproximately 650° C. and that of steel is approximately 1538° C., thealuminum will melt and flow away before the steel is melted. Using analuminum-steel transition insert may help, but it adds more complexityand cost to the welding process.

Given these challenges, methods and apparatuses to concurrently reducethe thermo-mechanical stresses, reduce the HAZ, and restrict theformation of inter-metallic phases are needed. The methods andapparatuses of the invention described herein may solve theseshortcomings as well as others by proposing a novel method and apparatusfor welding dissimilar materials with a high energy, high powerultrafast laser.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the different processes involved inthe bonding of material with different laser sources, in accordance withsome embodiments.

With CW or ns laser, the bonding of materials is a thermal process whichnecessitates that the materials to be bonded absorb at the CW or nslaser wavelength. For high energy low power ultrafast lasers, thebonding of materials is an ionization process where material absorptionis not necessary. In comparison, for the novel method and apparatus forwelding dissimilar materials with a high energy, high power ultrafastlaser of this invention, the bonding of materials is both an ionizationprocess and a thermal process. Material absorption is not necessary ineither the ionization process or the thermal process.

FIG. 2 is a graph of the heat diffusion length versus pulse duration, inaccordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 3 is a graph of the material process mechanisms for pulsed lasers,in accordance with some embodiments.

Femtosecond (fs) pulsed lasers have been widely used in many fieldsincluding optical waveguide writing, active photonic devices, andbonding of transparent materials. At the high peak intensity generatedby fs lasers, a wide range of materials may be ionized and joined. Themechanism of ultrashort laser pulse modification of materials involvesabsorption of fs laser energy by materials (e.g., silicon, metal, glass,and polymer) and subsequent dissipation of the absorbed energy. FIG. 2illustrates the heat diffusion length as a function of the pulseduration for a sample within a 300 K to 1500 K temperature range. As thepulse duration is shortened, the heat diffusion length is reduced, thusresulting in less HAZ.

The energy absorption process in the context of fs-laser ablationfollows the sequential steps of 1) production of initial seed electronsthrough either nonlinear photoionization of free electrons or excitationof impurity defects, 2) avalanche photoionization, and 3) plasmaformation. Note, the laser energy is only absorbed in the small focalvolume of the laser, where the intensity is high enough for multi-photonionization to occur in less than a picosecond (ps).

The energy dissipation process involves the transfer of the energy fromthe hot plasma created by laser pulses to the lattice, resulting in themodified regions in the material. This process is less well understoodthan the energy absorption process. It is known that the energydissipation process occurs on a timescale of hundreds of nanoseconds(ns) to microseconds (μs), substantially longer than the hundreds of fsrequired for the energy absorption process. It is believed that theprimary energy dissipation mechanisms are a combination of thermaldiffusion and shockwave generation, though it remains uncertain aboutwhich process is dominant and may depend on the precise writingconditions (e.g., pulse fluence, repetition rate).

The end results of the fs laser-material interaction are related withphysical, chemical, and mechanical changes of the material afterexposure to the laser beam. FIG. 3 summarizes the mechanisms (carrierexcitation, thermalization, ablation, thermal diffusion, andresolidification) that guide the laser processing. A rule of thumb isthat when the pulse width is less than 1 ps, the thermal diffusion canbe confined in micron dimension and HAZ can be reduced and/or eveneliminated.

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of an apparatus for weldingdissimilar material with a high energy high power ultrafast laser, inaccordance with some embodiments.

When ultrafast lasers are combined with high power (thermal inducedbonding) kW level operation, both advantages of ultrafast process(ionization) and thermal process result in strong, high speed bonding.The ionization process helps disassemble the chemical or atomic bonds ofthe material being welded and re-bond through ultrafast chemicalreaction to form strong stable phase structure. This process of bonddisassembly does not occur for thermal bonding. The high power operationfurther helps strengthen the bonding areas. Moreover, the high poweroperation further reduces the threshold of ionization and results in thestrong bonding of dissimilar materials.

In some embodiments, a high energy, high power laser pulse 403 isgenerated by a high pulse repetition rate (PRR) fs fiber laser 405. Thehigh energy, high power laser may also be a thin disk laser or a hybridfiber laser/thin disk laser. The laser will have a PRR from about 1 MHzup to 1 GHz, an average power of about 1 to 2000 W, a pulse width ofabout 0.1 to 10 ps, an energy from about 1 μJ to 1 mJ, and a wavelengthbetween about 0.2 to 3 Ideally, it should be diffraction limited beamquality (single mode), but in practice, it can be multi-mode as well.Examples of ultrafast fiber lasers include but are not limited toYtterbium (Yb) doped fiber laser at 1025-1100 nm and its harmonicgenerations to green and UV, Erbium (Er) doped fiber laser at 1025-1610nm and its harmonic generations, Thulium (Tm) doped fiber laser at1950-2050 nm, Holmium (Ho) doped fiber laser at 2050-2150 nm, andEr:ZBLAN fiber lasers at 2700-2900 nm. Examples of thin disk lasersinclude but are not limited to Potassium Gadolinium Tungstate (KGW) orPotassium Yttrium Tungstate (KYW) based lasers (1030-1070 nm) and itsharmonic generations. Examples of hybrid fiber laser/thin disk laserinclude using fs fiber laser as a seeding laser for thin disk amplifierto obtain both high energy and high power fs lasers.

A computer 410 is used to control the PRR and the power of the laser405. The high energy, high power pulse 403 is coupled into an autofocusing scanner 415 which scans and focuses the pulse 403 onto thejoining interface of two dissimilar materials or samples 425 and 430resulting in a strong weld bond 420 between the two dissimilar samples.Each of the samples, 425 and 430, may be positioned using their ownlinear and rotary motor stages, 427 and 432, respectively. The linearand rotary motor stages, 427 and 432, may be controlled by the computer410. An imager and processor 435, such as a CCD, may also be controlledby the computer 410. The imager and processor 435 monitors the samplesthrough a dichroic filter 440 as the samples are being welded. Thescanner may be an acousto-optic type scanner (diffraction), a magneticresonant scanner, a mechanical scanner (rotating mirror), or anelectro-optic scanner, etc.

Compared with conventional CW or nanosecond laser joining techniques(thermally melted welding), the high energy, high power fs laser systemof FIG. 4 creates a much stronger bond between the dissimilar samples425 and 430 through ultrafast ionization, chemical reaction, and thermalwelding. The weld involves localized heating and is HAZ free since theweld is accomplished by precise focusing of the ultrafast pulses on thejoining interface of the dissimilar samples. The resulting high peakintensity in the focal region ionizes the material of the samples andcreates hot plasma at the interface with limited to no impact on thesurrounding area (i.e., HAZ free). As the molten pool is localized andquickly built up only in the vicinity of the focus, the thermal stressand thermally induced cracks are largely suppressed. As a result of thenonlinear absorption around the focal volume of the laser pulses, thehigh energy, high power fs laser system can achieve highlyspace-selective joining with a spatial resolution of sub-micronresulting in a stable sub-micron joining weld. Additionally, within anultrashort period, the localized heating helps form stable phasestructure. As an example, bonding between Nickel Titanium (NiTi) andsteel using a high energy, high power fs laser system forms stablesingle phase supersaturated β-Ti(Fe) structure.

In some embodiments, reduced directionality of the weld may be achievedby using circularly polarized high energy, high power fs laser pulsesscanned quickly and rotationally in micron scale onto the joininginterface of the dissimilar materials. Doing so may break thedirectionality of dendritic structures, thus making the weld jointrobust against mechanical and thermal stresses in all directions.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating a method for welding dissimilarmaterial with a high energy high power ultrafast laser, in accordancewith some embodiments.

In some embodiments, processing begins at step 505 where a high energy,high power ultrafast laser is used to generate electromagnetic radiationcomprising a high energy, high power fs laser pulse. The maincharacteristic of the ultrashort laser pulse is the high peak intensitythat results in rapid (picosecond) delivery of energy into the material,which is much faster than the plasma expansion (nanosecond tomicrosecond), thus significantly reducing or eliminating thermaldamages. In some embodiments, the high energy, high power laser pulse isgenerated by a high PRR fs fiber laser. The high energy, high powerlaser may also be a thin disk laser or a hybrid fiber laser/thin disklaser. The laser will have a PRR from about 1 MHz up to 1 GHz, anaverage power of about 1 to 2000 W, a pulse width of about 0.1 to 10 ps,an energy from about 1 μJ to 1 mJ, and a wavelength between about 0.2 to3 Examples of ultrafast fiber lasers include but are not limited to Ybdoped fiber laser at 1025-1100 nm and its harmonic generations to greenand UV, Er doped fiber laser at 1025-1610 nm and its harmonicgenerations, Tm doped fiber laser at 1950-2050 nm, Ho doped fiber laserat 2050-2150 nm, and Er:ZBLAN fiber lasers at 2700-2900 nm. Examples ofthin disk lasers include but are not limited to KGW or KYW based lasers(1030-1070 nm) and its harmonic generations. At step 510, linear androtary motor stages are used to position one or more samples within thescanning and focus range of the high energy, high power fs laser pulse.At step 515, the high energy, high power fs laser pulse is focused andscanned onto a joining interface of the one or more samples. Theresulting high peak intensity in the focal region ionizes the materialof the samples and creates hot plasma at the interface with limited tono impact on the surrounding area (i.e., HAZ free). As the molten poolis localized and quickly built up only in the vicinity of the focus, thethermal stress and thermally induced cracks are largely suppressed. Insome embodiments, the high energy, high power fs laser pulse comprisescircularly polarized laser pulses which are rotationally scanned inmicron scale across the joining interface of the one or more samples inorder to break the directionality of dendritic structures. The resultingweld joint is more robust against mechanical and thermal stresses in alldirections. In some embodiments, the method further comprises at step520, the use of an imager and processor to monitor the joining interfaceof the one or more samples as they are being welded.

The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided toenable any person skilled in the art to make or use the presentinvention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readilyapparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles definedherein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from thespirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is notintended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to beaccorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novelfeatures disclosed herein.

The benefits and advantages that may be provided by the presentinvention have been described above with regard to specific embodiments.These benefits and advantages, and any elements or limitations that maycause them to occur or to become more pronounced are not to be construedas critical, required, or essential features of any or all of theclaims. As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” or anyother variations thereof, are intended to be interpreted asnon-exclusively including the elements or limitations which follow thoseterms. Accordingly, a system, method, or other embodiment that comprisesa set of elements is not limited to only those elements, and may includeother elements not expressly listed or inherent to the claimedembodiment.

While the present invention has been described with reference toparticular embodiments, it should be understood that the embodiments areillustrative and that the scope of the invention is not limited to theseembodiments. Many variations, modifications, additions and improvementsto the embodiments described above are possible. It is contemplated thatthese variations, modifications, additions and improvements fall withinthe scope of the invention as detailed within the following claims.

1. An apparatus for welding comprising: an ultrashort pulse laser,wherein the ultrashort pulse laser generates an electromagneticradiation, wherein the electromagnetic radiation comprises a wavelength,a pulse repetition rate, a pulse width, a pulse energy, and an averagepower; a scanner comprising a scanning and focus range, wherein thescanner is configured to receive the electromagnetic radiation from theultrashort laser and to scan and focus the electromagnetic radiationonto a joining interface of one or more materials; and a computercoupled to the ultrashort pulse laser, wherein the computer isconfigured to adjust the pulse repetition rate and the average power ofthe ultrashort pulse laser.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, furthercomprising one or more stages, wherein the one or more stages areconfigured to position the joining interface of the one or morematerials within the scanning and focus range of the electromagneticradiation.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a dichroicfilter positioned between the scanner and the one or more materials; andan imager and processor focused through the dichroic filter and onto thejoining interface of the one or more materials, wherein the imager andprocessor are configured to monitor the joining interface of the one ormore materials within the scanning and focus range of theelectromagnetic radiation.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein theultrashort pulse laser comprises at least one of a Yb doped fiber laser,an Er doped fiber laser, a Tm doped fiber laser, a Ho doped fiber laser,an Er:ZBLAN fiber laser, a KGW thin disk laser, and a KYW thin disklaser.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the wavelength of theelectromagnetic radiation generated from the ultrashort pulse laserranges from about 0.2 μm to 3 μm.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1, whereinthe pulse repetition rate of the electromagnetic radiation generatedfrom the ultrashort pulse laser ranges from about 1 MHz to 1 GHz.
 7. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein the pulse width of the electromagneticradiation generated from the ultrashort pulse laser ranges from about0.1 ps to 10 ps.
 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the pulse energyof the electromagnetic radiation generated from the ultrashort pulselaser ranges from about 1 μJ to 1 mJ.
 9. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein the average power of the electromagnetic radiation generatedfrom the ultrashort pulse laser ranges from about 1 W to 2000 W.
 10. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein the electromagnetic radiation iscircularly polarized.
 11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the scanneris further configured to rotationally scan on a micron scale theelectromagnetic radiation onto the joining interface of the one or morematerials.
 12. A method for welding comprising: generatingelectromagnetic radiation from an ultrashort pulse laser, wherein theelectromagnetic radiation comprises a wavelength, a pulse repetitionrate, a pulse width, a pulse energy, and an average power; coupling theelectromagnetic radiation from the ultrashort pulse laser to a scannercomprising a scanning and focus range, wherein the scanner is configuredto receive the electromagnetic radiation from the ultrashort laser andto scan and focus the electromagnetic radiation onto a joining interfaceof one or more materials; and using a computer to adjust the pulserepetition rate and the average power of the ultrashort pulse laser. 13.The method of claim 12 further comprising using one or more stages toposition the joining interface of the one or more materials within thescanning and focus range of the electromagnetic radiation.
 14. Themethod of claim 12 further comprising using a dichroic filter positionedbetween the scanner and the one or more materials; and focusing animager and processor through the dichroic filter and onto the joininginterface of the one or more materials to monitor the joining interfaceof the one or more materials within the scanning and focus range of theelectromagnetic radiation.
 15. The method of claim 12, wherein theultrashort pulse laser comprises at least one of a Yb doped fiber laser,an Er doped fiber laser, a Tm doped fiber laser, a Ho doped fiber laser,an Er:ZBLAN fiber laser, a KGW thin disk laser, and a KYW thin disklaser.
 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the wavelength of theelectromagnetic radiation generated from the ultrashort pulse laserranges from about 0.2 μm to 3 μm.
 17. The method of claim 12, whereinthe pulse repetition rate of the electromagnetic radiation generatedfrom the ultrashort pulse laser ranges from about 1 MHz to 1 GHz. 18.The method of claim 12, wherein the pulse width of the electromagneticradiation generated from the ultrashort pulse laser ranges from about0.1 ps to 10 ps.
 19. The method of claim 12, wherein the pulse energy ofthe electromagnetic radiation generated from the ultrashort pulse laserranges from about 1 μJ to 1 mJ.
 20. The method of claim 12, wherein theaverage power of the electromagnetic radiation generated from theultrashort pulse laser ranges from about 1 W to 2000 W.
 21. The methodof claim 12, wherein the electromagnetic radiation is circularlypolarized.
 22. The method of claim 12 further comprising rotationallyscanning on a micron scale the electromagnetic radiation onto thejoining interface of the one or more materials.